The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The CDI is used to scale the severity of depressive symptoms in children. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, (2003). More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. Transl Psychiatry. This is very helpful for the following reasons: broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. The present study sought to examine the dimensionality and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. They gave an overview of Beck's ideas: "Individuals who are depressed misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion, limiting their focus to the negative aspects . The test-retest reliability of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to 0.92, which means that the scores are consistent over time. Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). Background. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. e/ Pros/ Cons of Psychotherapy. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. (2004). Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). 2021;27(4):603-612. doi:10.1177/1352458520921073, Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Epskamp S, Schoevers RA, Tuerlinckx F, Borsboom D. Measuring depression over time . here. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The validity and reliability of the test were . This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). The Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians. The items are experiences related to anxiety such as "Fear of worst happening" or "Heart pounding/racing". Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. . In summary, although factorial data suggests that bifactor models outperform multidimensional modelsregardless of the number of specific factorsfindings are not conclusive [36,37,38]. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. Sprinkle et al. http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. 7. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). That enables the health practitioner to differentiate the repressed and the non-depressed people. Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. There are different versions of the BDI: the original BDI which was published in 1961 and then revised in 1971 (BDI-1A), and the BDI-II which was published in 1961 (Wikipedia, 2007). The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. These two factors have been identified using the BDI-II with adult outpatients. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. (1961). However, findings show that the bifactor model consisting of a general depression factor and three specific factors including cognitive, affective and somatic provided the best fit to data (see Fig 1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t002. Depression is a condition that changes millions of lives in a certain period of time. Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. This is a copyrighted measure. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/es/, http://www.pearsonpsychcorp.es/archivos/13373230291.pdf. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. The protocol registration number in CONABIOS was 0282014.". (2005). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. 2. Roles The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. Full scale consists of 21 test items. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Overview: Measure negative attitudes about the future. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. The comparison continues in a sequential increasing order (from i-1 and proceeding in order) until the first nonrejection. This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. If you have previously been diagnosed with depression, the Beck Depression Inventory can be used on a weekly basis to check on your progress, especially if you have begun therapy and started taking medications. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. e0199750. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted These findings are especially important in light of a study using an earlier version of the BDI that reported item bias when Latinos completed a translated version of the BDI (Azocar, Aren, Miranda & Muoz, 2001). This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). Author. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. Individuals treated with interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for PTSD also show decreases in BDI-II scores following treatment (Bleiberg & Markowitz, 2005). This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. 808 certified writers online. including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. 1. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Arch Gen Psychiatry. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43(4), 413-431. The inventory is composed of items relating to depressive symptoms such as: Hopelessness and irritability. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Kumar, G., Steer, R.A., Teitelman, K.B., & Villacis, L. (2002). Interpretation. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. Braz J Psychiatry. (2005). Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. Particularly, while Beck et al. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory used to assess anxiety levels in adults and adolescents. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . One thousand and forty individuals (54.9% women and 45.1% men) from Dominican Republic participated in the study. For example, Byrne et al. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Penley, J.A., Wiebe, J.S., & Nwosu, A. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . Beck Depression Inventory (currently in its second edition as BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-rated inventory that evaluates the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates. An inventory for measuring depression. There are several other depression screens that are not proprietary and are in the public domain for use. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? Yes Complementary indices were calculated to evaluate the fit of the bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Funding: This work was financed by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (fondocyt) in the Dominican Republic. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . Although the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory are two of the most widely used instruments for assessing depressive and anxious symptoms in both clinical and nonclinical populations, their cross-cultural reliability and validity have yet to be fully established. Some items on the BDI have more than one statement marked with the same score. The BDI-II was piloted on 193 psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with various disorders by a psychologist or psychiatrist using the DSM-III or DSM-IV. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). You will need to add up the score reported for each of the 21 questions ranging from zero to three. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. (2004). Publication Date: 1988, 1993 c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. The funder had no role in the design of the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Use of scoring code is granted under CC BY-SA 4.0 permissions. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. (2003). Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models.
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