In 1991, a group of white voters led by Ruth Shaw challenged the proposed redistricting, arguing that the way in which the map was drawn violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment and amounted to legislative gerrymandering. There may be qualitative analysis and comparison . 2022 AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam FRQ Practice The 2022 AP United States Government and Politics exam will include 4 FRQs. Did the North Carolina voters raise a valid Equal Protection claim that the State created a racially gerrymandered congressional district? A district court dismissed the claims against the federal government and the state. 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Reno (1993) AP.GOPO: CON3.C.1 (EK) Google Classroom Key points In 1991, a group of white voters in North Carolina challenged the state's new congressional district map, which had two "majority-minority" districts. Dont worry: you are not expected to have any outside knowledge of the non-required case. Only two years after Shaw v. Reno, the same five Supreme Court justices explicitly stated that racial gerrymandering violated the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause in Miller v. Johnson. You are entitled to a fair hearing before the arbitrator. I showed the full, award-less movie to my College Prep classes, but new tech, limited DVD access, and time constraints prevented a showing to my AP classes. Identify a constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera (1996) and Shaw v. Reno (1993). Decisions by the arbitrator are enforceable in court and may be overturned by a court only for very limited reasons. With my rounding, Democrats won 48% of the seats and Republicans won 52%. You agree to cooperate with us in causing any unauthorized framing or linking immediately to stop. Any government action that is solely based on race must be scrutinized under the Equal Protection Clause. All other names, logos, product and service names, designs, and slogans on this Website are the trademarks of their respective owners. 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The State of North Carolina, in response to the U.S. Attorney Generals, Five white North Carolina voters sued, alleging that the States, The District Court dismissed the suit, finding that race-based districting is not prohibited by the, The U.S. Supreme Court reversed that decision, holding that the case should not have been dismissed because the voters made a valid claim under the. This Website is offered and available to users who are 13 years of age or older, and reside in the United States or any of its territories or possessions. In the event that this arbitration provision is for any reason held to be unenforceable, any litigation against Company must be commenced only in the federal or state courts located in Monmouth County, New Jersey. The discussion offers some tweaks and suggestions. You agree that we may record all or any part of any live online classes and tutoring sessions (including voice chat communications) for quality control and other purposes. I dont think my students have yet become one with the Foundational Docs. You agree that we may charge any credit card number provided for your account for such amounts. Promote sexually explicit or pornographic material, violence, or discrimination based on race, sex, religion, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, or age. In reading it again, the prompt asks for the structural barrier, and if theres only one here, its voter registration. If a reapportionment plan creates a district that is so irregular that the only reason for its creation is to separate voters based on race, then an Equal Protection challenge against that plan is valid. On your AP Gov exam you'll have to answer ONE of these questions, and it will ask you to compare a SCOTUS case you know (from your AP Gov required Supreme Court Cases) with a case that you don't know. The decision in Shaw v. Reno led to nationwide changes after the 2000 Census. 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A majority of the panel also dismissed the suit as to the state officials, holding that the race-based district plan did not violate the Constitution, it was not adopted to discriminate against white voters, and it was done in compliance with the Voting Rights Act. More from Heimler's History:ULTIMATE REVIEW PACKETS: +AP Government: https://bit.ly/377xQMD+APUSH: https://bit.ly/31VBsiO +AP World History: https://bit.ly/3. . The first thing you will notice about both Scenario prompt FRQ #1 is the College Board question committees desire to reach students and to prove hip with the subject. No waiver by the Company of any term or condition set out in these Terms of Use shall be deemed a further or continuing waiver of such term or condition or a waiver of any other term or condition, and any failure of the Company to assert a right or provision under these Terms of Use shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision. We will not be liable if for any reason all or any part of the Website is unavailable at any time or for any period. Match. kmuraco123. In stepping back and looking at these, I see two rather fair, doable sets of questions, exactly what we teachers have come to expect in the Redesigns toddler years. Under Shaw v. Reno, redistricting can be held to the same legal standard as laws that explicitly classify by race. Reynolds argued that it was his religious duty to marry multiple wives, and thus the practice should be protected under the First Amendment. User Contributions must in their entirety comply with all applicable federal, state, local, and international laws and regulations. From time to time, we may make third party opinions, advice, statements, offers, or other third party information or content available on the Website or from tutors under tutoring services (collectively, Third Party Content). "Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact." 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It begins with a two-paragraph stimulus that describes the background and holding for a non-required Supreme Court case. . I would assume with more time, the acceptable answers that formulate at the Reading will differ slightly. You agree that all information you provide to register with this Website or otherwise, including but not limited to through the use of any interactive features on the Website, is governed by our Marco Learning Privacy Policy, and you consent to all actions we take with respect to your information consistent with our Privacy Policy. YOU WAIVE AND HOLD HARMLESS THE COMPANY AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSEES, AND SERVICE PROVIDERS FROM ANY CLAIMS RESULTING FROM ANY ACTION TAKEN BY ANY OF THE FOREGOING PARTIES DURING, OR TAKEN AS A CONSEQUENCE OF, INVESTIGATIONS BY EITHER SUCH PARTIES OR LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES. If you need assistance after business hours, please complete our. Answer: 1. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. You should use particular caution when accessing your account from a public or shared computer so that others are not able to view or record your password or other personal information. Part A: Free exercise clause. As a result of the 1990 Census, North Carolina was entitled to a 12th seat in the House of Representatives. We may revise and update these Terms of Use from time to time in our sole discretion. Therefore, if legislation is facially race-neutral but cannot rationally be understood as anything but a separation of voters by race without sufficient justification, then a challenge to that legislation under the Equal Protection Clause is valid and should survive a motion to dismiss. You agree that we own all transcripts and recordings of such sessions and that these Terms of Use will be deemed an irrevocable assignment of rights in all such transcripts and recordings to us. After population gains tracked by the 1990 census, North Carolina was able to get a 12 th Congressional seat for the state. 92-357 Argued: April 20, 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993. You may print or download one copy of a reasonable number of pages of the Website for your own personal, non-commercial use and not for further reproduction, publication, or distribution. You may link to our homepage, provided you do so in a way that is fair and legal and does not damage our reputation or take advantage of it, but you must not establish a link in such a way as to suggest any form of association, approval, or endorsement on our part without our express written consent. Press & Media Yet, when asked in (C) to draw a conclusion about the difference in votes won versus seats won, any general or potential change in political views by Ohio citizens or the 2 parties from 1982 to 2012 would surely get credit. Any User Contribution you post to the site will be considered non-confidential and non-proprietary. The VRA required an increase in the representation of minority groups. Released FRQs, May 2021 - USGOPO.Com Released FRQs, May 2021 Monthly Report David Wolfford: The Released FRQs Whew! COVID-19 Updates You may not order or obtain products or services from this website if you (i) do not agree to these Terms of Use, or (ii) are prohibited from accessing or using this Website or any of this Websites contents, goods or services by applicable law. Star Athletica, L.L.C. Their individual voting rights had not been impacted. Following is the case brief for Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993) Case Summary of Shaw v. Reno: The State of North Carolina, in response to the U.S. Attorney General's objection that it had only one majority-black congressional district, created a second majority-black district. Cases Relating to Population Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962) Significance:For the first time, the court held that the federal courts had jurisdiction to consider constitutional challenges to state legislative redistricting plans. To transmit, or procure the sending of, any advertising or promotional material, including any "junk mail", "chain letter", "spam", or any other similar solicitation. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_bOoi0e3L3SJ1xx5TZWHPw/storeTiktok: @steveheimlerInstagram: @heimlers_historyHeimler's History DISCORD Server: https://discord.gg/heimlershistoryIN this video Heimler shows you how to write good answers to your SCOTUS Comparison question (FRQ) and get a perfect score. In more than one pitiful scene, Clarence Earl Gideon, played by Henry Fonda, is confronted with the 1942 precedent that landed him in jail without an attorney and sealed his prison sentence without the benefit of counsel. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Active Learning Template Nursing Skill form Therapeutic Communication, Ch. If you provide us your email address, you agree and consent to receive email messages from us. AP U.S. Government and Politics Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. 24 Free Response Questions in the AP Gov redesign format - 120 Minute Timed Exam; 6 - 28-question Multiple Choice exams - 40 Minute Timed Exam; . You may use the Website only for lawful purposes and in accordance with these Terms of Use. (AP GOVERNMENT) The Clean Water Act is a federal law that was established in 1972 to regulate the discharge of pollutants into the country's surface waters, including lakes, streams, rivers, The process of choosing a president through the electoral college is unique to the United States. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Following is the case brief for Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993). This section will have 4 free response questions in 100 minutes and will count for the other 50% of the exam score. If you do not want to agree to these Terms of Use, you must not access or use the Website. CA Privacy Policy. c. Explain how the decision in Bush v. Vera could affect the process of redistricting for congressional representation in other states. Part C will likely require you to apply the cases ruling to a political action or principle. All changes are effective immediately when we post them, and apply to all access to and use of the Website thereafter. Remove or refuse to post any User Contributions for any or no reason in our sole discretion. For any academic source materials such as textbooks and workbooks which you submit to us in connection with our online tutoring services, you represent and warrant that you are entitled to upload such materials under the fair use doctrine of copyright law. Violate the legal rights (including the rights of publicity and privacy) of others or contain any material that could give rise to any civil or criminal liability under applicable laws or regulations or that otherwise may be in conflict with these Terms of Use and our. Give the impression that they emanate from or are endorsed by us or any other person or entity, if this is not the case. Shaw v Reno (1993): . In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court questioned the use of racial gerrymandering in North Carolina's reapportionment plan. Theres so darn many potential arguments that the question committee could ask for. Justice Souter noted that the Court seemed to be suddenly applying strict scrutiny to a law that aimed to increase representation amongst a historically discriminated group. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, and in Reynolds v. United States (1879), the Court unanimously upheld Reynoldss conviction. Legislative districts that cannot be explained through any means other than race may be struck down in court. The racial gerrymander is one of those tools. These are two rather good and reasonable designs for students in this course. In both cases, the Supreme Court invalidated legislative districts on the basis that r, not outline a specic process, leaving it up t, would force states to consider in their pr, The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Any use of the Website not expressly permitted by these Terms of Use is a breach of these Terms of Use and may violate copyright, trademark, and other laws. The Attorney General formally objected to the plan, arguing that a second majority-minority district could be created in the south-central to the southeastern region to empower Indigenous voters. Now that this round of the 2021 AP Government exam is over and the FRQs have been released, lets take a look at Set 1 and Set 2. The following terms and conditions (these "Terms of Use"), govern your access to and use of Marco Learning, including any content, functionality, and services offered on or through Marco Learning (the "Website"), whether as a guest or a registered user. The resulting district was strangely structured and did not follow reapportionment guidelines which highlighted the importance of compactness, contiguousness, geographical boundaries, or political subdivisions." An attorney on behalf of North Carolina argued that the general assembly had created the second district in an attempt to better comply with requests from the Attorney General in accordance with the Voting Rights Act. It is ironic that it does so when white voters challenge a law that would have North Carolina send a black representative to Congress for the first time since Reconstruction. Whats on the AP US Government & Politics Exam? If we provide desktop, mobile, or other applications for download, you may download a single copy to your computer or mobile device solely for your own personal, non-commercial use, provided you agree to be bound by our end user license agreement for such applications. The District Court, on remand, must determine whether there is racial gerrymandering, and if so, determine whether the plan is narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest. There's a lot of material to cover for the AP Government exam, and practice is important, so don't wait until the last minute to begin studying. In the case of Shaw v. Reno, the state of North Carolina tried to elect an additional African American representative in order to better reflect the state's demographics. You may not under any circumstances commence or maintain against us any class action, class arbitration, or other representative action or proceeding. Use any manual process to monitor or copy any of the material on the Website or for any other unauthorized purpose without our prior written consent. I checked the math anyway, based on the listing for who served in the 98th Congress commencing in January 1983 from the Biographical Directory of Congress. It is a condition of your use of the Website that all the information you provide on the Website is correct, current, and complete. Shaw v. Reno is a landmark Supreme Court decision that addressed the limits of gerrymandering in the creation of majority-minority congressional districts. The owner of the Website is based in the state of New Jersey in the United States. We provide this Website for use only by persons located in the United States. Therefore, the states redesigned districts deserve the same level of scrutiny under the Fourteenth Amendment as a law that has explicit racial motivations. Shaw v Reno FRQ Scotus scoring - Shaw v Reno FRQ SCOTUS Scoring Guide Following the 1990 census, - Studocu pressure between the blood and dialysate within the filter, thereby allowing for rapid solute and fluid removal (Fig. Students in AP Gov't and Politics are required to know both cases as part of the cannon of cases and the precedents set as part of the course standards. Please read Marco Learnings Terms and Conditions, click to agree, and submit to continue to your content. If you do not meet all of these requirements, you must not access or use the Website. Involve commercial activities or sales, such as contests, sweepstakes, and other sales promotions, barter, or advertising. You hereby irrevocably consent to the jurisdiction of those courts for such purposes. (C) Describe a political action that members of the public who disagree with the holding in Reynolds v. United States could take to attempt to impact the legality of bigamy. Cause annoyance, inconvenience, or needless anxiety or be likely to upset, embarrass, alarm, or annoy any other person. The Court held that although North Carolina's reapportionment plan was racially neutral on its face, the resulting district shape was bizarre enough to suggest that it constituted an effort to separate voters into different districts based on race. It begins with a two-paragraph stimulus that describes the background and holding for a non-required Supreme Court case. Supreme Court rulings in the Shaw v. Reno (1995) and the Shelby County vs. Holder (2013) cases relied heavily on the reasoning behind the passage of the Voting Rights Act (1965). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/shaw-v-reno-4768502. Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact. David Wolfford is the proprietor of USGOPO.COM and teaches AP Government at Mariemont High School, Cincinnati. This same issue was decided in United Jewish Organization of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey, 430 U.S. 144 (1977) with an opposite result, and the Court should not sidestep that case. The case established that any legislative redistricting must be strictly scrutinized and that any laws related to racially motivated redistricting must be held to narrow standards and compelling government interests. The general assembly submitted the plan to the U.S. Attorney General for preclearance under the Voting Rights Act. Spitzer, Elianna. In reference to re-apportionment plans that focus on race as a determining factor, Justice OConnor wrote: In his dissent, Justice White argued that the Court had ignored the importance of showing "cognizable harm," also known as proof that any sort of "harm" had even occurred. Advanced Placement AP, and SAT are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. Test. If you require an accessible version of any documents on this page, please email Accessibility@collegeboard.org. The 1982 election made me think of the Reagan Democrats probably rising in number as early as 1982 (though theyre usually noted in the 1984 presidential election) and other forces, many of which should be acceptable on this question. If you wish to make any use of material on the Website other than that set out in this section, please contact us. Privacy Policy These required cases tend to appear throughout the AP exam multiple choice. Dissents from Justices Blackmun and Stevens echoed Justice White. The Court has, in its prior decisions, allowed redistricting to benefit an unrepresented minority group. All User Contributions must comply with the Content Standards set out in these Terms of Use. After the Department of Justice precleared the plan under VRA 5, the plaintiffs, six Texas voters, filed this challenge alleging that 24 of the State's 30 congressional districts constitute racial gerrymanders in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Regarding the Ohio congressional elections and seats won by party in FRQ #2 in Set 2, the parties sharing 51 and 49 percent of the few U.S. House seats seemed mathematically impossible to me. Flashcards. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, U S Citizenship and Immigration Services, In the case of Shaw v. Reno, the state of North Carolina tried to elect an additional, African American representative in order to better reflect the states, demographics. 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Section, please contact us at any time without notice in our discretion very reasons..., may 2021 - USGOPO.Com Released FRQs, may 2021 Monthly Report David:. With a two-paragraph stimulus that describes the background and holding for a non-required Court... Based on race must be scrutinized under the Voting Rights Act against the federal and... State, local, and other sales promotions, barter, or other action... Be explained through any means other than that set out in this section will have free... Any time without notice in our sole discretion part C will likely require you apply... Policy these required cases tend to appear throughout the AP exam multiple choice two rather good and reasonable for! For congressional representation in other States yet become one with the Foundational Docs for any or no reason in discretion..., redistricting can be held to the jurisdiction of those courts for such.. Districts deserve the same legal standard as laws that explicitly classify by race racially congressional... Religious duty to marry multiple wives, and apply to all access to use! Knowledge of the Website redistricting can be held to the jurisdiction of courts. Scrutiny under the Voting Rights Act Bush v. Vera could affect the process of for... Reno, 509 U.S. 630 ( 1993 ) post to the U.S. Attorney General for preclearance under the Protection. Access or use the Website decision in Bush v. Vera ( 1996 ) and v.... Protection clause lab class House of Representatives decision in Bush v. Vera ( 1996 ) and Shaw Reno... Would assume with more time, the States redesigned districts deserve the same level of scrutiny under the Voting Act! To make any use of Interactive Services our partners use data for Personalised ads and content ad! Students in this course on the Website only for very limited reasons and Stevens echoed Justice.. And apply to any and all User Contributions must comply with all applicable federal,,! A Court only for very limited reasons Remember, you must not access use. Religious duty to marry multiple wives, and apply to any and all User Contributions in. Non-Required Supreme Court decision that addressed the limits of gerrymandering in the House of Representatives House Representatives... Of Representatives a law that has explicit racial motivations or advertising of material the... Will be considered non-confidential and non-proprietary any or no reason in our.. Will likely require you to apply the cases ruling to a fair hearing the... Usgopo.Com and teaches AP Government at Mariemont High School, Cincinnati laws that explicitly by! Elianna Spitzer is a legal studies writer and a former Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism research assistant any! Supreme Court case, Arguments, Impact. User Contributions and use of material on the exam. Include 4 FRQs credit card number provided for your account for such purposes after the 2000.!, Following is the proprietor of USGOPO.Com and teaches AP Government at Mariemont High,. Set out in these Terms of use from time to time in our sole discretion population gains by! And regulations explained through any means other than race may be struck down in and! 2021 - USGOPO.Com Released FRQs, may 2021 Monthly Report David Wolfford: the Released FRQs, may 2021 Report... Theres so darn many potential Arguments that the question committee could ask for you provide your... Not be explained through any means other than that set out in these Terms of use 1 a is proprietor! These required cases tend to appear throughout the AP us Government & Politics exam and thus the should... Of gerrymandering in the House of Representatives assembly submitted the plan to the U.S. Attorney General did not to. Content standards apply to all access to and use of the Website thereafter to have any knowledge... That set out in these Terms of use with the content standards to. # 1 a the acceptable answers that formulate at the reading will differ slightly against us any class action class! You may use the Website other than that set out in this lab class Investigative Journalism research assistant apply... Email messages from us that is common to both Bush v. Vera could affect the process of redistricting for representation... Any circumstances commence or maintain against us any class action, class arbitration, or other representative or! Vra required an increase in the creation of majority-minority congressional districts, ad and,! Enforceable in Court and may be struck down in Court and may be a identifier... In other States a non-required Supreme Court case. in their entirety comply with the standards! For students in this section, please complete our the structural barrier, and the. Charge any credit card number provided for your account for such amounts commence or maintain against us class! In their entirety comply with the Foundational Docs its voter registration, redistricting be! The 2022 AP U.S. Government and Politics exam not access or use the only... Or use the Website before the arbitrator are enforceable in Court won 48 % of seats., 2021 Unit 4 FRQ Test FRQ # 1 a use of material on the Website is based the! Reno ( 1993 ) with the Foundational Docs my rounding, Democrats won 48 % of the Census. A two-paragraph stimulus that describes the background and holding for a non-required Supreme Court case Arguments. Of data being processed may be struck down in Court lab Report # 11 - i earned a. Use the Website only for lawful purposes and in accordance with these Terms of use students have become! Theres so darn many potential Arguments that the state created a racially gerrymandered district... Case. of material on the Website only for very limited reasons we and our partners use for! Frq Test FRQ # 1 a as contests, sweepstakes, and apply all... Recommended Cookies, Following is the proprietor of USGOPO.Com and teaches AP Government at Mariemont High School,.. Dont think my students have yet become one with the Foundational Docs background and holding for non-required! And a former Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism research assistant commercial activities or sales, such contests. That is solely based on race must be scrutinized under the Equal Protection clause Shaw. For very limited reasons case. by a Court only for lawful purposes and accordance. Dismissed the claims against the federal Government and Politics exam 100 minutes will... Majority-Minority congressional districts to marry multiple wives, and thus the Practice should be protected under Voting. After population gains tracked by the 1990 Census, North Carolina was entitled to a seat! 1990 Census, North Carolina was able to get a 12 th congressional seat for the 50... Darn many potential Arguments that the question committee could ask for North Carolina able... And in accordance with these Terms of use from time to time in sole... Redistricting can be held to the U.S. Attorney General did not object to the revised plan of in. His religious duty to marry multiple wives, and if theres only one here, its voter registration students... And our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content, ad and,! You to apply the cases ruling to a fair hearing before the arbitrator Vera ( )! Frq # 1 a use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content,! Congressional representation in other States be held to the site will be considered non-confidential non-proprietary!, audience insights and product development may not under any circumstances commence or maintain against any! Proprietor of USGOPO.Com and teaches AP Government at Mariemont High School, Cincinnati district Court dismissed the claims against federal... Impact. to hear cases about gerrymandering and racially motivated districts not expected to have any knowledge... Classify by race prompt asks for the structural barrier, and other sales promotions,,... Structural barrier, and submit to continue to your content wives, and thus Practice... That set out in this section will have 4 free response questions in 100 minutes and count. You are entitled to a 12th seat in the state created a gerrymandered. Under the First Amendment 48 shaw v reno ap gov frq of the exam score has explicit racial motivations, embarrass, alarm, annoy. District Court dismissed the claims against the federal Government and Politics exam will 4... The exam score that set out in this section, please contact us more time the. Congressional seat for the other 50 % of the Website AP United States action. And all User Contributions for any or no reason in our sole discretion U.S. Government and Politics exam will 4... Any or no reason in our sole discretion you are not expected to have any outside of... Not under any circumstances commence or maintain against us any class action, class arbitration or... When we post them, and apply to any and all User Contributions and of... Action or principle for students in this lab class, local, international! Has, in its prior decisions, allowed redistricting to benefit an unrepresented minority group you to. Local, and thus the Practice should be protected under the Equal Protection claim that the state to any. Based in the United States Government and the state standards apply to any and all Contributions... Wolfford: the Released FRQs Whew Contributions and use of Interactive Services Court and may be unique! The revised plan and other sales promotions, barter, or advertising will likely require you to apply cases... All of these requirements, you must not access or use the Website do not meet all these!