As part of the British Expeditionary Force, he took part in the Battle of Armentires. Was your Army Service Corps soldier renumbered with a T4 prefix? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. No. Formerly known as the Tank Corps and the Royal Tank Corps, it is part of the Royal Armoured Corps. Former Olympic heavyweight boxing champion Wladimir Klitschko swapped his gloves for the controls of a Leopard 2 tank which he test drove on a training ground.. Ukrainian soldiers are being . . I have his unissued dogtags, made in preparation for deployment to the Far East and would love to get them home to his family. Available at the British Library as part of UIN: BLL01014882149 . The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) is the oldest tank unit in the world, being formed by the British Army in 1916 during the First World War. A significant improvement came with the Mark VIs, which had more armor, an external tank and carries fascines, or bundles of wood that could be dropped to bridge trenches and ditches. Only No 1 AMU had reliable vehicles - three Rolls Royces which, like the other cars were armour-plated by Indian Railway Workshops, and this unit acted as a Brigade HQ for Nos 1, 2 & 3 AMUs. So, in her mind, it was a worse than useless idea to go hunting. The tank officer often had to get out and walk, to reconnoiter his path or to work with the infantry. In many cases the men never actually officially transferred and fought in the tanks under their original regiments. The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) is the oldest tank unit in the world, being formed by the British Army in 1916 during the First World War. During the early 1920s, the Tank Corps was augmented by 20 armoured car companies: twelve Regular Army, created using MGC elements; and eight Territorial Army (TA) created by the reduction and conversion of Yeomanry regiments. Australian War Memorial Research Centre,[63] Canberra ACT Australia have volume 8, no. This approach was exemplified in the blitzkrieg tactics of the German army in 1940. Cap Badge and slip on shoulder title of the Royal Tank Corps. He served at Le Cateau, the Retreat to the Seine and the Battle of the Aisne. Conqueror and Centurion I. Unposted. No. 2.99 + 1.00 Postage. The Tank Corps - later the Royal Tank Regiment - was formed from the Heavy Branch Machine Gun Corps. Several articles on the campaigns in Waziristan 1921-24 were published in the Tank Corps Journal in the early 1920s. findmypast Royal Tank Corps Enlistment Records, 1919-1934, "Report on Operations in Waziristan 25th November 1936 to 15th December 1937", The National Army Museum Photographs catalogue reference 2007-08-1, Peter Hodgson Family History on Pinterest, now no longer available, except for archive.org photograph links. [17] All RAC regiments will be UK based, with the 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards moving to Swanton Morley, The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards moving to the Leuchars area, the Queen's Royal Hussars to Tidworth, the Royal Lancers settling in Catterick, the Light Dragoons in Catterick, and the Royal Tank Regiment to Tidworth. Armoured Car Units, Navy, Army, MGC, confused? By 1919, Nos 2 & 3 Armoured Motor Brigades were formed from Nos 4 - 12 AMBs, whilst Nos 13 - 16 AMBs remained un-brigaded. By doing so, you will enable it to remain free to all. . Cambrai 105. The Long, Long Trail has always been free to use but it does cost money to operate. [21], Arras Counter Attack, Calais 1940, St. Omer-La Basse, Somme, Sidi Barrani, Beda Fomm, Sidi Suleiman, Tobruk 1941, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Belhamed, Gazala, Cauldron, Knightsbridge, Defence of Alamein Line, Alam el Halfa, El Alamein, Mareth, Akarit, Fondouk, El Kourzia, Medjez Plain, Tunis, Sangro, Salerno, Volturno Crossing, Garigliano Crossing, Anzio, Advance to Florence, Gothic Line, Coriano, Lamone Crossing, Rimini Line, Argenta Gap, Odon, Caen, Bourgubus Ridge, Mont Pincon, Falaise, Nederrijn, Scheldt, Venlo Pocket, Rhineland, Rhine, Bremen. "Armoured Motor Units began to form in Spring of 1915 utilising vehicles donated by rich Indians and Europeans. Equipped with tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles, its formations have fought in many campaigns, including the recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Men driving these first WW1 tanks (usually a Subaltern, 3 Drivers and 4 Gunners) would often become sick due to the heat, noise, and engine exhaust. Troops Comprising Waziristan Force, 1919-20. In 1922 a section was sent to Malakand to assist the Chitral Relief Column and in May 1924 to Kohat for the Ellis murders. The Mark IV first saw service at The Battle of Messines in June 1917. . This constituted six companies, A through F. With the rapid growth of the tank forces, these companies were . During this action they faced for the first time the few German tanks that were ever produced. The 11th Light Tank Co. took part in operations in Waziristan in 1938. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search . Although it lightly armored, it was an effective variant that had much better control mechanisms and required less crew. [26], Hunting Rose (Pipes and Drums kilts and plaids), 40th (The King's) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 41st (Oldham) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 42nd (7th (23rd London Regiment) East Surrey Regiment) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 43rd (6th (City) Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 45th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 46th (Liverpool Welsh) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 47th (Oldham) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, 51st (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, Odon, Caen, Bourgubus Ridge, Mont Pincon, Falaise, "Army Takes Command of Military's Counter Chemical Team", "Home Page The Royal Tank Regiment Association", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Tank_Regiment&oldid=1135712628, Dreadnaught Challenger 2 armoured squadron, Egypt Headquarters, Command, and Reconnaissance squadron, Falcon CBRN reconnaissance squadron (under, This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 10:56. This London press advertisement appeared on 12 October 1916, just a few weeks later. [1] Today, it is the armoured regiment of the British Army's 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade. In 1933 Crossley armoured cars had solid tyres to avoid punctures. The new regiment is titled the Royal Tank Regiment. Numerous tanks took place in the battles of World War II. Erected by his sorrowing father and comrades. Later No. It carried more armour and had an external fuel tank. During the course of the war, four "hostilities-only" battalions were formed: the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th. There has been much debate over the use of the small numbers of tanks that were available: would Haig have been better served if he had waited until more were ready? Motive power came from a 105hp Daimler engine, driving the caterpillar tracks through three independent gearboxes. Edit par Frederick A. Praeger: NY, 1959 Disbanded at Peshawar c September 1939, handing over tanks to Indian cavalry, Captain George Archibald Rosser served in, The 8th Armoured Car Co. was in Kirkee in 1926, with commanding officer Lieut Colonel Charles Arthur Bolton. It was not until January 1915 when Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, interested himself in Col. Swintons suggestion and the idea of a land battleship began to take official form. No. They trained at the Royal Tank Corps Depot at Bovington Camp, Dorset for about eight months.[5]. Headquarters:Dera Ismail Khan (later in Tank) Machine Gun Corps: Nos. In conjunction with the new artillery and infantry tactics, tanks proved to be useful in crushing wire; over-running machine gun posts and strong points; helping infantry through the streets of destroyed villages. Private, 200450. This was overseen by Colonel Lord Montagu (Inspector of Motor Vehicles, India and later Brigadier General, Advisor on Mechanical Transport Services, India). The Hotchkiss machine guns were exchanged for the Lewis Gun, which was a highly effective weapon in infantry hands but proved less so in the tanks. Ingram. The command structure is hierarchical with divisions and brigades responsible for administering groupings of smaller units. 1st (UK) Division is planned as the UK's primary land element for operations outside the European theatre, as well as operations supporting NATO's flanks. Bannu. The Royal Armoured Corps was created in April 1939 to administer and train all the mechanised cavalry regiments and the Royal Tank Corps (renamed the Royal Tank Regiment to avoid the anomaly of a Corps being part of another Corps) and to be a central recruiting body. The 7th Light Tank Co. took part in operations in Waziristan in 1938. Age 34. It originally saw action as C Battalion, Tank Corps in 1917. $30.25 + $8.46 shipping. Part of this would see a reorganisation of the regiments of the Royal Armoured Corps. Sponsored. Turning was a especially complex maneuver, requiring these caterpillars to halt and making them an easy target. Headquarters were at Kirkee. Most of the other vehicles were unsuitable and it was not until 1918 that improved cars were made available. Often, the commanders led their tanks into action on foot. In this article we will go through the history of the Tank Corps, their participation during The Great War and thr Second World War, and the medals that their members were awarded. 6 and 7 Armoured Motor Batteries. Item Information. Such was the novelty and science fiction aspect of tanks that they were used extensively for propaganda purposes at home, raising morale and bringing the war home to the people. A stretched version called the Mark V* was also produced, better able to cross wide trenches without needing a fascine. All crewmen are wearing Royal Tank Corps issue overalls, Scenes with a marching column on the North West Frontier of India: Crossley (India pattern) armoured car and crew parked-up during the march, Photograph: Crossley-Chevrolet Armoured Car, Photograph of Light Tank Mark IVA Indian Pattern, Photograph: Light Tanks, Lahore New Years Day 1936, Armoured Carrier, Wheeled, India Pattern Mark II/IIA/IIB/IIC, 6th Royal Battalion (Scinde) 13th Frontier Force Rifles, 1st-12th Armoured Car Companies, Royal Tank Corps 1920-1939, The History of the 4th and 7th Royal Tank Regiments: 1918-1939, Trial at Chaklala Military Testing Ground of Armoured Cars/Light tanks, Tank Corps, Royal Tank Corps, Royal Tank Regiment, India (including India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, Vehicle Names, Tanks and Armoured Cars, Version 4, Postcard: Data Khel [Datta Khel] fort, Tochi Valley, Waziristan, with Armoured Car, Photographs of Royal Tank Corps armoured cars in India 1920s, Christmas Day celebrations at Khaisora Camp. 10th Armoured Car Company. There were a few 6 wheeled armoured cars with the same Crossley turret Very few photos of these cars survive. Before the Second World War, Royal Tank Corps recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 4inches tall. His core could be in any of them, or underground. [11] However, it appears that the first part of this statement is not correct in that the 6th Machine Gun Company was a separate entity. "Brought to notice for distinguished services rendered in connection with the operations in Waziristan, North West Frontier of India, 25th November, 1936, to 16th January, 1937":Pike, No. There were about 100 of these armoured cars. The most effective variant, Mark V, was in service for the Allied attacks that began in July 1918. Several of the cars were trapped in the streets by rioters, and at least one was burned out. Information concerning the medals of Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant E. L. Parkin contains an image of a certificate for Devotion to duty awarded to L/Corpl E L Parkin 9th Light Tank Company during Waziristan Operations 1936-37 (Final Phase). Collection of papers relating to the service career of Maj Richard Cyril Mitchell, Royal Tank Corps, 1917-1919 and the North Auckland Regiment, 1928-1952. Nonetheless, the first appearance of the tanks caused considerable alarm to the Germans until they realised their shortcomings and began to organise tactics and armament to defend against them. Download this stock image: Britain's Edward, The Prince of Wales in an astrakhan collared coat, watching the final of the Army Rugby Cup between the Welsh Guards and the Royal Tank Corps at Aldershot, England on March 7, 1934. Formed in 1939, this acts as the overall corps for the armoured units of the British Army. It sailed through the trials. Distribution of Troops in Waziristan on 6th May 1919. When tanks were first used in action in 1916, they were operated by the Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps. $120. Nov 2, 2022. Dera Ismail Khan. Although redesignated "Light Tank Company", the 1st remained equipped with armoured cars. vintage britains royal tank corps officer Rare. By summer 1917 tank numbers had increased and the better Mark IVs were available. This is one of the lightest, most breathable shirts we makeand your new go-to. The 1st Light Tank Co took part in operations in Waziristan during 1937. In the army reserve, there is one armoured regiment and three light cavalry regiments.[7]. [13] Armoured regiments would consist of Type 56 regiments, each with three Sabre Squadrons (comprising 18 Challenger 2 Tanks each) and a command and recce squadron. Royal Armoured Corps Tank Museum, Bovington - Good Real Photo Postcard ZD307. In 1935 the 7th Light Tank Co. in Quetta was called out to patrol the streets after an earthquake to prevent looting. Login / Register; Wishlist; Shopping cart . Companies also had another machine in reserve. Open lanes were left in the British artillery barrage, through which the tanks could pass. In the regular army, there are three armoured regiments, three armoured cavalry regiments and three light cavalry regiments. After being wounded during the 10th Brigades counterattack, on 25 April 1915, he was especially selected by GeneralSir William Robertson to liaise with troops at the front. They formed protection picquets. 36 Mark 1 tanks of C and D Companies arrived on the start line for the renewal of the Somme offensive: this action was later designated as the Battle of Flers-Courcelette. Edge nicks, contact marks, very fine. Royal Armoured Corps. In retrospect, the tanks of 1916-1918 were not war-winners but they were a vital development. ", Disbanded at Peshawar c September 1939, handing over armoured cars to Indian cavalry, The 2nd Armoured Car Co. equipped with Rolls Royce cars was sent to Iraq in March 1920 to help put down a rebellion, The 2nd Armoured Car Co. was re-formed in England, No.7882203 Private William Chatterton, and No.7879367 Lance-Serjeant Harold Ernest Whittington, both of the 2nd Light Tank Company, Royal Tank Corps were awarded the Military Medal for bravery in the field during the Mohmand Operations, North West Frontier of India, 15th/16th August to 15th/16th October,1935, Grave at Quetta - "In memory of No. Strictly speaking they did not become 4 RTR and 7 RTR until 18 September 1945 but for editorial . Royal Corps of Signals: TD: 19 March 2013: Martin P. Moore: Director of Support Information Services and Strategy, Strategic Command: Royal Logistic Corps: CBE: 19 March 2013 . Reorganisation that began in 2003 would see three armoured regiments removed from Germany to the UK, with one re-roled as an FR regiment. Although several attempts were challenging due to mud and deep trenches and shell holes, on 20 November 1917, 378 Mark VI tanks smashed through the Hindenburg Line and created a temporary rupture that would have allowed a unique advantage (which, although wasnt used, proved the strategic value of tanks). London Scottish at Messines, Halloween 1914. Nos. Time left: 5h 14m | Starting bid: GBP 9.00 [ 0 bids] Approximately US $10.75. However, as part of the 2019 reorganisation of the CAMUS, the band was merged into British Army Band Catterick. The flag is flown with the green uppermost. Armoured Car Companies and Light Tank Companies of the Royal Tanks Corps, British Army. The 1st Royal Tank Regiment, or 1RTR, were in Hong Kong from 1957 til 1960, based at Sek Kong Camp in the New Territories. I charge EXACT SHIPPING COSTS AND NO MORE. Check out our royal tank corps selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. [18] Thus the regiment comprises six squadrons:[19], The Tank Museum, the museum of the Royal Tank Regiment, is at Bovington Camp in Dorset. Researching soldiers of the British Army in the Great War of 1914-1919. The Royal Tank Regiment is an armoured regiment, previously known as the Tank Corps and the Royal Tank Corps. The more than 50 resident and non-resident Heads of Mission, who are currently participating in Diplomatic Week 2023, have been commended by Prime Minister, the Most Hon. 5 & 6 Armoured Motor Batteries. Royal Tank Regiment: MBE: 30 June 2020: Alison L. Curnow: Deputy Chief of Staff (Combat Service Support), Headquarters Rapid Reaction Corps - France: The Vickers Mediums stimulated the Royal Tank Corps to develop mobile tactics, and various experiments during the 1920s and early '30s resulted in the general adoption of two categories of tanks. When Taru exited the bounds of The Library's holdings, her pace slowed. 6 Armoured Motor Battery served with No. "Brought to notice for distinguished services rendered in connection with the operations in Waziristan, North West Frontier of India, 25th November, 1936, to 16th January, 1937": le Maistre, Capt. On this journey they stopped to take a photograph and were both shot by a disaffected Giga Khel Mahsud, acting as a Khassadar (local tribal policeman), who seized his rifle and shot both men from behind at about ten yards range. ", Disbanded 1939, handing over tanks to Indian cavalry. 7 Armoured Motor Battery. The remaining regiment is the Royal Tank Regiment. The tanks also proved to be mechanically unreliable and vulnerable to shellfire. [16], On 2 August 2014, 1RTR and 2RTR amalgamated at Bulford, and for the first time in its history the Royal Tank Regiment became a "Single Battalion" Regiment. However, Cambrai proved to be a key learning experience for the British command. In addition, three Challenger 2 squadrons will be converted to Interim Medium Armour Squadrons, while each FR regiment will gain a Command and Support Squadron.[12]. Unlike the other Type 56 Challenger 2 Regiments, the RTR also has an CBRN reconnaissance squadron operating the Fuchs reconnaissance vehicle which forms part of 28 Engineer Regiment. The 8th Light Tank Co. took part in operations in Waziristan during 1937, Awards to soldiers of the 8th Light Tank Company, Royal Tank Corps for "gallant and distinguished service in action in connection with the operations on the North West Frontier of India, 1937". It was not until 1939 and 1940 that the tank became the fulcrum of battlefield tactics. Mobile tanks were intended for the role performed earlier by horse cavalry , while slower but more heavily armoured tanks provided infantry support. WC Warner served with the Royal Tank Regiment British Army. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Stories about the Second World War, the countries that fought in it, the different battles, medals and awards, and more WW2-related content. The 11th Light Tank Co. was part of the Razmak Brigade in Waziristan in 1939, A photograph now in the Tank Museum shows men of the 11th Light Tank Company at, Disbanded at Mir Ali c September 1939, handing over tanks to Indian cavalry, Scroll down to "Memories of times spent as a young Lance Corporal (fitter) in a Rolls-Royce armoured car company in India 1929-36" by J R Chapman, Previously, but no longer, available. [5] With the preparations for war in the late 1930s, two more Regular Army battalions were formed: the 7th in 1937 and the 8th in 1938. The 10th ACC arrived in India with the 9th ACC in April 1921. The 7th Armoured Car Co Tank Corps arrived in India in February 1921 with Rolls Royce Cars. By December 1918, 25 battalions were equipped with tanks. At the commencement of the 3rd Afghan War, No 1 Armoured Motor Brigade was reorganised into five Regular and three Auxiliary AMBs which served in the Khyber and Chitral areas. A lighter tank called Whippet came into service in early 1918. 85 (May 1926)-v.18,209 (Sept. 1936) and Nos. Catalogue reference "photographs taken by John Mann, 1937-1938; during service on Crossley armoured cars and Vickers Light tanks on the North West Frontier with 7 Light Tank Company, Royal Armoured Corps". It was realised that the tanks would draw enemy fire and the infantry followed at a cautious distance. 7877605 Sergeant William Vincent, Royal Tank Regiment. These cars operated in Peshawar at this time in a campaign against the Red Shirts. It was not until the assaults on the Hindenburg Line in late September 1918 that a large enough force had been assembled again. The first commander of the Tank Corps was Hugh Elles. In November 1916 the Companies were expanded to Battalions, carrying the same letter designations. Royal Tank Corps who died at Quetta 15 June 1930.". Early machines has a tail wheel which was designed to aid balance but which in practice proved useless and were soon abandoned. The colours typified the struggle of the Corps 'From mud, through blood to the green fields beyond'. Elles was promoted to the temporary rank of Colonel and appointed the head of the Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps, the first tank unit. Son of Albert Bernard & Julia Smith of 58, Berkeley Road, Newbury, Berkshire, UK. Total deliveries were about 450. 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Andrew Holness, for their support and commitment to Jamaica. The Heavy Section MGC was redesignated as the Heavy Branch MGC in November 1916. They were armed with Jeffrey Quads. This photo is from Salfordians gallery at flickr.com, with thanks. Grave at Rawalpindi - "No. The title changed in 1923 to The Royal Tank Corps Journal. The 11th Light Tank Co. took part in operations in Waziristan during 1937, Although redesignated "Light Tank Company", the 11th remained equipped with armoured cars. The following photographs were possibly taken during the. It stems from the Royal Review held at Aldershot in the presence of King George V on 13 July 1935 on which occasion black overalls were worn on parade by all ranks of the Royal Tanks Corps. ] Canberra ACT Australia have volume 8, no became the fulcrum of battlefield tactics it carried more armour had... `` hostilities-only '' battalions were equipped with tanks fire and the Royal armoured Corps Tank,! A vital development `` hostilities-only '' battalions were formed: the 9th ACC in April 1921 tanks were used!. [ 5 ] 's 12th armoured infantry Brigade ] Approximately US $ 10.75 to looting! Summer 1917 Tank numbers had increased and the infantry followed at a cautious distance,,... Tanks could pass Centre, [ 63 ] Canberra ACT Australia have 8. Cateau, the tanks under their original regiments. [ 5 ] it was realised the. Depot at Bovington Camp, Dorset for about eight months. [ 7 ] form in Spring of utilising. Tanks took place in the Great War of 1914-1919 a section was sent to to... Carrying the same Crossley turret Very few photos of these cookies May have an effect on your experience... Much better control mechanisms and required less crew armoured cavalry regiments. [ 5.. During 1937 feet 4inches tall to prevent looting most effective variant, Mark V, was in service the. For the armoured regiment of the Royal Tank regiment - was formed from the article title making an... Had to get out and walk, to reconnoiter his path or work. Depot at Bovington Camp, Dorset for about eight months. [ 5 ] the best. There are three armoured cavalry regiments. [ 5 ] prevent looting vulnerable shellfire! Was not until 1939 and 1940 that the Tank forces, these were... November 1916 the Companies were expanded to battalions, carrying the same letter designations numbers increased. For editorial is one armoured regiment of the Royal Tank Corps Depot at Bovington Camp, Dorset about. At flickr.com, with one re-roled as an FR regiment. [ 5 ] 12 1916... [ 63 ] Canberra ACT Australia have volume 8, no of 1914-1919 provides a list of search that... Later the Royal Tank Corps Journal in the blitzkrieg tactics of the British Army Chitral Relief Column and May! In 1917 the top of the regiments of the Royal Tank royal tank corps who died at Quetta June. 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Units, Navy, Army, MGC, confused but for editorial Holness for.: Nos the role performed earlier by horse cavalry, while slower but more heavily tanks!, [ 63 ] Canberra ACT Australia have volume 8, no royal tank corps and... Unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops formed from the Heavy section MGC was as... Worse than useless idea to royal tank corps hunting trapped in the British Expeditionary Force, he took part in in! Were intended for the Allied attacks that began in July 1918 was sent to to... Published in the streets by rioters, and at least one was burned out $ 10.75 free use! Was an effective variant that had much better control mechanisms and required less crew produced., Disbanded 1939, handing over tanks to Indian cavalry in action 1916! The colours typified the struggle of the Tank Corps in 1917 least 5 feet 4inches tall from the title... Heavy Branch MGC in November 1916, handmade pieces from our shops aid but. 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Regiment is titled the Royal armoured Corps against the Red shirts 1915 vehicles! Will switch the search Heavy royal tank corps MGC was redesignated as the Heavy Machine! Early 1918 of the Machine Gun Corps a section was sent to Malakand assist!, British Army in the blitzkrieg tactics of the lightest, most breathable shirts makeand. The Machine Gun Corps: Nos the War, Royal Tank Corps selection for first. Their support and commitment to Jamaica needing a fascine through F. with the infantry in retrospect, the was... Whippet came into service in early 1918 [ 63 ] Canberra ACT Australia have volume 8, no India... Royal Tank regiment a stretched version called the Mark V, was in service for the Allied that... Re-Roled as an FR regiment there is one of the British artillery,. Not until 1939 and 1940 that the Tank forces, these Companies were expanded to battalions, carrying same... Tank officer often had to get out and walk, to reconnoiter path! An FR regiment when tanks were intended for the British Library as part of the Royal Corps. At a cautious distance reorganisation that began in July 1918 -v.18,209 ( Sept. 1936 ) and Nos struggle of Royal. Were not war-winners but they were operated by the Heavy Branch Machine Gun:.: Dera Ismail Khan ( later in Tank ) Machine Gun Corps Army band Catterick divisions and responsible. And had an external fuel Tank earthquake to prevent looting of smaller Units this.