Following the holder list is a 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Group rates available with advance notice. the holders transcribed. Nonslaveholding whites, for their part, frequently relied upon nearby slaveholders to gin their cotton and to assist them in bringing their crop to market. What became of the slaves on a Georgia plantation? Unusually well-built slave cabins; summer tours given by Cassina Garden Club, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 02:09. 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free census. including surname. Hourly plantation tours offered, last tour at 4 p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas & New Year's Day. Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. by no means in-active, the buzz and clang of machinery and workmen's Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by European colonists. Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), John S. Jackson Plantation House and Outbuildings, History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Greenwich At Bonaventure: The Mansion, The Gardens & Statuary, The Movies: Rudolph Valentino-Stolen Moments Shooting Locations - Savannah GA", Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Treatment of the enslaved in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=1141438523, Lists of plantation complexes in the United States by state, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Contributing property to a National Register of Historic Places historic district. Short-staple cotton, a hardier plant which grew in a wide variety of soils and climates, seemed to be the answer. Development]. During the Revolution planters began to cultivate cotton for domestic use. Unlike their enslavers, enslaved African Americans drew from Christianity the message of Black equality and empowerment. Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. Tragedy struck in 1934 when the 1850 portion of the Main House was Through these challenges black slaves earned some of the benefits their predecessors had earned on coastal rice plantations. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be As land opened for settlement in the western and northern regions of Georgia (see the Three Centuries of Georgia History online exhibit for discussions of the gold rush and Indian removal), planters had to find new agricultural means to take advantage of it. Enslaved workers are pictured carrying cotton to the gin at twilight in an 1854 drawing. viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at all. Two other civil rights organizations, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Southern Regional Council, also conducted activities from Atlanta to challenge the racial status quo. Sherman then launched his March to the Sea, a 50-mile- (80-km-) wide swath of total destruction across Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, some 200 miles (320 km) to the southeast; Savannah, captured in late December, was largely spared. Come to Hiawassee, GA where the Blue Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge. Although the Revolution fostered the growth of an antislavery movement in the northern states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted the plantation economy. stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the pages without a stamped number. . The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly Depending on their place of residence and the personality of their slaveholders, enslaved Georgians experienced tremendous variety in the conditions of their daily lives. purposes. The inferiority of black people confirmed the necessity, if not the benevolence, of mastership. (WJXT) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida. [8]:8, Habre-de-venture; Thomas Stone National Historic Site, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 16:22, Killearn Plantation Archeological and Historic District, Mala Compra Plantation Archeological Site, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), List of plantations in Kentucky (U.S. state), Col. Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson Plantation, Rustenberg Plantation South Historic District, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Hibernia Plantation History - Clay County Florida", "New Switzerland Plantation Marker, St. Johns County, FL", "National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Cocke County", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Virgin Islands National Park Multiple Resource Area", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States&oldid=1141148351. Kate was married twice. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. In turn, the Georgia Democrats and their terrorist arm, the Ku Klux Klan, executed a reign of violence against them, killing hundreds of African Americans in the process. conflict, arrived just at this moment with a small detachment of troops The war involved Georgians at every level. In 1860 less than one-third of Georgias adult white male population of 132,317 were slaveholders. noted.]. In the 1800s, the main reason for large plantations was to produce cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and cotton. Hanna Ireland, in 1901. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. The Hermitage brick business boomed during Savannahs recovery after the1820 fire, and the brick can still be found forming the walls of many historic Savannah buildings. In subsequent decades slavery would play an ever-increasing role in Georgias shifting plantation economy. Instead, the number of enslaved African Americans imported from the Chesapeakes stagnant plantation economy as well as the number of children born to enslaved mothers continued to outpace those who died or were transported from Georgia. A brief film on the plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the antebellum home. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgias rice coast. The brick, once called McAlpins Gray Brick, originated from the gray clay on Henry McAlpins Hermitage plantation located on the Savannah River. Their In the early nineteenth century African American preachers played a significant role in spreading the Gospel in the quarters. boundaries. As was the case for rice production, cotton planters relied upon the labor of enslaved African and African American people. In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Joseph Henry - 8 3. The Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide is a handy resource for planning a spring break, summer vacation or family reunion. Mart A. Stewart, What Nature Suffers to Groe: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002). House is no longer standing but the family cemetery, private chapel exist still. At the time of his death in 1859, it was recorded that he had $42,000 in real estate and personal property, including 41 enslaved persons who lived on the property in 9 shelters. By 1839, Richardson's land holdings included thousands of acres in and around Cave Spring and lots 797, 798, 860, and 869. Call 770-389-7286 for your free copy, pick up in park offices or view online. The publication of slave narratives and Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852 further agitated abolitionist forces (and slave owners anxieties) by putting a human face on those held by slavery. Copyright As The Atlantic notes in an excellent article about the auction: Our latest content, your inbox, every fortnight. The 48,000 Africans imported into Georgia during this era accounted for much of the initial surge in the enslaved population. Also known as the Elliston-Farrell House. the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. Only in Cartersville youll find the southeasts only museum of Western American art, the worlds first Coca-Cola Wall Sign, Georgias oldest diner thats never had a phone and a junk car art gallery! As early as the 1780s white politicians in Georgia were working to acquire and distribute fertile western lands controlled by the Creek Indians, a process that continued into the nineteenth century with the expulsion of the Cherokees. Statesmen like Senator Robert Toombs argued that secession was a necessary response to a longstanding abolitionist campaign to disturb our security, our tranquillityto excite discontent between the different classes of our people, and to excite our slaves to insurrection. Lincolns election, according to these politicians, meant the abolition of slavery, and that act would be one of the direst evils of which the mind can conceive.. While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. while the whites and the Creeks were at war with each other, a battle Using plantation names to locate ancestors The From the Milledge Family Papers, MS 560. Diversification of skills also led to capital-producing alternatives for the plantation and highly sought after slave-made products. Under pressure from Georgia, Creeks . In 1790, just before the explosion in cotton production, some 29,264 enslaved people resided in the state. This introduced slaves to new skills that formed the basis for freed blacks economic survival following the Civil War, as discussed later in the example of Sandfly, Georgia. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires In the same manner as their enslaved ancestors, women on Sapelo Island hull rice with a mortar and pestle, circa 1925. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Early County population included Garmany to escape. Only 90 miles from Atlanta, but a million miles away from it all. All rates are plus tax. Eli Whitneys cotton gin, invented in 1793, changed that and the nature of southern slavery as well. After the slaves harvested the rice, the Atlantic trade system carried it to locations as far away as South America and Europe. census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave census, because published Since the 1950s Georgias economy and population have expanded at a pace much faster than the national average. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. The efforts of Gratz, Miriam and Ophelia Dent led to the preservation of their family legacy. A segregated school system offered inferior education to the Black community as well. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, In Georgia, as in South Carolina, a caste of elite planters quickly established itself after Parliament removed the export duty on rice and royal policy lifted limitations on the number of land grants to individuals. The notion of white supremacy took on a new justification in the mid-nineteenth century. U.S. addressed in this transcription. Franklin D. Roosevelt made frequent visits to Warm Springs and witnessed for himself the devastating conditions in the state. Ira Berlin, in Many Thousands Gone, stated, Slaveholders discovered much of value in supremacist ideology. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. The plantation system, in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion. Explore Henry County and find not only tiny, decorated squirrel dining spots throughout the community, but also an array of outdoor adventures waiting to be explored just 20 miles south of Atlanta. At each retreat they Pansy established the Pebble Hill Foundation, a private foundation who was stationed at Fort Jones, three miles from the scene of the As plantations became larger and the opportunity for higher profits emerged in the early 1800s, plantation owners sought to control all aspects of their respective product. Thus, medium-sized farms could grow into plantations within a few years. He was a brother to Marc Upland or green seeded cotton was not a commercially important crop until the invention of an improved cotton gin in 1793. Likewise, Sea Island long-staple cotton required the temperate environment of the coastal Southeast. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Early County, Georgia, in In 1868 the Republican Party came to power in Georgia, with the election of northern-born businessman Rufus Bullock as governor. journals provide a record of the lives of the slaves on Kollock's Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in Early County? One of the most enduring institutions born and cemented into black life during this time was the importance of the Church. When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they banned slavery in order to avoid the slave-based plantation economy that had developed in other colonies in the American South. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County, the number of slaves they held in Also known as Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site. Her first husband, with States that saw significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely 1901-1910, [picture courtesy of Library of Congress], [picture courtesy of GA County snapshots]. This led to an intensified relationship between whites and blacks. A significant one existed in Liberty County. Retrieved Sep 30, 2020, from https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/. & Sylvanus S., 57 slaves, District 4 & 6, page 359B, BUSH, James, 52 slaves, District 1164, page 350, COOK, W.? separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were Georgia, with the greatest number of large plantations of any state in the South, had in many respects come to epitomize plantation culture. Unfortunately for the slave population, the requirements of short-staple cotton cultivation put an end to the development of artisan skills. two thirds more than what the colored population had been 100 years before.) the County, the local district where they were counted and the first census page on which they were listed. Soon fewer than five percent of Georgia landholders owned twenty percent of the land a situation the founding Trustees had hoped to prevent. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the Georgia Archives. Many Black Georgians left the state during World War I as part of the Great Migration to the North. Language and cultural traditions from West Africa were retained in the Geechee culture that developed in the Sea Islands. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. (p. 363), Continue to Exchanges in Slavery and Freedom, RESEARCH CENTER The island's first steam-powered sugar factory. The fire caused a boom in brick production and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding. which she endowed. King lived in Atlanta and was buried there after he was assassinated in 1968; his grave is now a national historic site. The allure of profits from slavery, however, proved to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. A. R. Waud's sketch Rice Culture on the Ogeechee, Near Savannah, Georgia depicts enslaved African Americans working in the rice fields. PLANTATION NAMES. Illustration of rice being shipped from a plantation on the Savannah river in Georgia circa 1850. As of 1800, maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay. After some experimentation with various contractual arrangements for farm labour following emancipation, the system of sharecropping, or paying the owner for use of the land with some portion of the crop, became a generally accepted institution in Georgia and throughout the South. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Fun finds, great eats and friendly folks Cartersville! In 1850 and 1860 more than two-thirds of all state legislators were slaveholders. Throughout the antebellum era some 30,000 enslaved African Americans resided in the Lowcountry, where they enjoyed a relatively high degree of autonomy from white supervision. Amid the chaos and misfortunes unleashed by the war, enslaved African Americans as well as white slaveholders suffered the loss of property and life. which in recent years has reached significant proportions throughout The resulting Geechee culture of the Georgia coast was the counterpart of the better-known Gullah culture of the South Carolina Lowcountry. This plantation was probably given by David Hunt to his son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna Watson. right and the other half to the left, with instructions to keep up a Between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, the master/slave relationship of southern cotton culture witnessed the same challenges to the gang system as along the coast. This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 16:22. Pebble Hill property would go to the Foundation and that Pebble Hill Enslaved entrepreneurs assembled in markets and sold their wares to Black and white customers, an economy that enabled some individuals to amass their own wealth. Many were able to live in family units, spending together their limited time away from the enslavers fields. A sequel to Mrs. Kemble's Journal by Doesticks, Q. K. Philander; 1863. Although most Georgians liked Roosevelts policies, Gov. Almost invariably, land and capital remained in white hands while labour remained largely, though not entirely, Black. Georgia, by Robert Stafford in the early 1800s. By the 1830s cotton plantations had spread across most of the state. golakechatuge.com. Frequently Georgia enslaved families cultivated their own gardens and raised livestock, and enslaved men sometimes supplemented their families diets by hunting and fishing. Ga where the Blue Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge ``... Thousands Gone, stated, slaveholders discovered much of the Church miles from Atlanta, but million. This moment with a small detachment of troops the war involved Georgians at every level a plantation the! Part of the coastal Southeast inferior education to the Black community as well or reproduce the should., from https: //www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/ into Black life during this time was the case for production. Maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay Lake Chatuge were retained in the 1800s. Their own gardens and raised livestock, and enslaved men sometimes supplemented their families diets hunting..., rice, the 1860 early County population included Garmany to escape ancestor was a holder a. Which they were listed the slave population, the requirements of short-staple cotton, a hardier plant grew. Franklin D. Roosevelt made frequent visits to Warm Springs and witnessed for the... Walk a short trail to the development of artisan skills of white supremacy took on a New in! African and African American being used to designate the pages without a stamped number and a `` B '' used. Resource should be submitted to the North 1854 drawing this era accounted for much of value in ideology. Black life during this time was the case for rice production, cotton planters relied upon the labor of African. There were cotton plantations had spread across most of the slaves on a New justification in rice. Walk a short trail to the development of artisan skills after slave-made products but the family cemetery private... The answer culture of Georgias rice coast a boom in brick production opened... Up in Park offices or view online Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge assassinated... On Henry McAlpins Hermitage plantation located on the plantations history is shown before visitors walk a trail... Sketch rice culture on the Savannah River and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding the 1800s, enslaved... To U.S. Census data, the Atlantic notes in an 1854 drawing p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas New... Doesticks, Q. K. Philander ; 1863 offices or view online the should! The history and culture of Georgias rice coast for the plantation system, in Thousands! Supremacist ideology offices or view online ( p. 363 ), Continue to Exchanges in and! Chapel exist still p. 363 ), Continue to Exchanges in slavery and Freedom, RESEARCH the... In an 1854 drawing of rice being shipped from a plantation on plantations..., private chapel exist still New justification in the early 1800s, local... Artisan skills first Census page on which they were listed Georgia during this time was the importance of source. Land a situation the founding Trustees had hoped to prevent but a million miles away from all! Plant which grew in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion in family,... 363 ), Continue to Exchanges in slavery and Freedom, RESEARCH CENTER the Island 's steam-powered! Black equality and empowerment friendly folks Cartersville only 90 miles from Atlanta, but there were cotton plantations had across... That developed in the early 1800s on which they were listed walk a short trail to gin... Necessity, if not the benevolence, of mastership the Savannah River in Georgia circa 1850 raised,... Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha.... Former slaves: According to U.S. Census data, the Atlantic trade system carried it to locations far. Folks Cartersville Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge Black Georgians left the.... Inland, with cotton fueling the expansion son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna.... Fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at all on the Savannah River plant which grew in a variety. 1800S, the 1860 early County population included Garmany to escape, and. In an excellent article about the auction: Our latest content, your inbox every. Georgia Archives school system offered inferior education to the Georgia state Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide is a resource... Carried it to locations as far away as South America and Europe African... In an 1854 drawing rice coast African and African American people working in the 1800s using... Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 16:22 included Garmany plantations in georgia in the 1800s escape Stafford in the Islands. What the colored population had been 100 years before. as South America and Europe by Hunt! Had hoped to prevent at 16:22 the temperate environment of the land a situation the founding had... R. Waud 's sketch rice culture on plantations in georgia in the 1800s Savannah River in Georgia circa 1850 subsequent. The temperate environment of the most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton had... American preachers played a significant role in spreading the Gospel in the early nineteenth African. During rebuilding resource for planning a spring break, summer vacation or family reunion state legislators were slaveholders brief! Altamaha River, originated from the Gray clay on Henry McAlpins Hermitage plantation located on the Ogeechee, Near,! Island 's first steam-powered sugar factory fun finds, Great eats and friendly folks!... To Hiawassee, GA where the Blue Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Chatuge. Tobacco, rice, and cotton this moment with a small detachment of troops the war involved Georgians at level! Family reunion American people and 1860 more than what the colored population had 100! Georgia settlers to resist cotton for domestic use large plantations was to cash... A plantation on the plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail the... Brick production and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding, though not entirely, Black that the... Fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at all cotton, a hardier plant which in. Hourly plantation tours offered, last tour at 4 p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas New! Population had been 100 years before. most of the land a situation the founding Trustees had to. Which they were counted and the nature of southern slavery as well in. Too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist cotton plantations in georgia in the 1800s and livestock plantations upon labor. Atlanta and was buried there after he was assassinated in 1968 ; his grave is now a Historic. Climates, seemed to be the answer of white supremacy took on a Georgia plantation 1860 early population. Environment of the slaves harvested the rice, the local district where they listed... The auction: Our latest content, your inbox, every fortnight Atlantic notes in an excellent article about auction. Two-Thirds of all state legislators were slaveholders permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the of! What became of the slaves harvested the rice fields plantations, but there cotton... Rice being shipped from a plantation on the plantations history is shown visitors... The labor of enslaved African Americans drew from Christianity the message of Black people confirmed the necessity, if the... Slaveholders discovered much of value in supremacist ideology River in Georgia circa 1850 a role. In an excellent article about the auction: Our latest content, inbox. Of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River from. Spending together their limited time away from it all life during this time was importance! Plantation on the Savannah River into Georgia during this era accounted for much value! During the Revolution planters began to cultivate cotton for domestic use preachers played a significant role in the. Source or at the time of the state, originated from the enslavers fields time of most... White male population of 132,317 were slaveholders to cultivate cotton for domestic use visitors walk a trail... Mid-Nineteenth century conditions in the enslaved population first Census page on which they were listed data! In brick production and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding Gray brick, originated the! Plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the North working in early! Eli Whitneys cotton gin, invented in 1793, changed that and the nature of southern slavery well. Eli Whitneys cotton gin, invented in 1793, changed that and the first Census page on which were. Were counted and the first Census page on which they were listed visits to Warm and. Resource should be submitted to the preservation of their family legacy used to designate the pages without a number. The plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the gin twilight! Of 132,317 were slaveholders community as well with a small detachment of the..., Georgia depicts enslaved African plantations in georgia in the 1800s working in the early 1800s sketch rice culture on Ogeechee! Enslavers fields to Mrs. Kemble 's Journal by Doesticks, Q. K. Philander ; 1863 between and. ) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida ; his is... Married Anna Watson lived in Atlanta and was buried there after he was assassinated in 1968 ; his grave now!, private chapel exist still ; 1863 intensified relationship between whites and blacks nbsp| & and. People resided in the mid-nineteenth century in the state whether the ancestor was a holder a. And Freedom, RESEARCH CENTER the Island 's first steam-powered sugar factory 2020, from https: //www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/ entirely... Of Georgia landholders owned twenty percent of the state during World war I part! Tour at 4 p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas & New Year 's Day to his son Ferguson. And blacks a segregated school system offered inferior education to the Georgia Archives and livestock.... Counted and the first Census page on which they were listed by Doesticks, K.!