23. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. C. must be a natural-born citizen Under the Twenty-second Amendment, no one may be elected president more than twice, or serve as president longer than ten years. b. from time to time, the public elects someone of exceptional talent. As Justice Stevens wrote for the majority, [w]hether or not the President has independent power, absent congressional authorization, to convene military commissions, he may not disregard limitations that Congress has, in proper exercise of its own war powers, placed on his powers. However, the scope of Hamdan remains unclear, and in 2015 President Obama suggested that a statute completely limiting his ability to transfer detainees from the military prison at Guantnamo might unconstitutionally infringe his Commander in Chief powers. Council of Economic Advisers. 39. An executive branch led by a single person. c. B. fear of impeachment. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. 43. Advertising Notice Such a limitation on the command power, written at a time when the militia rather than a standing army was contemplated as the military weapon of the Republic, underscores the Constitutions policy that Congress, not the Executive, should control utilization of the war power as an instrument of domestic policy. 1. The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. After noting that the world is very different now from the world of the Framers because man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life, he announced that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans and made the pledge that has echoed ever since: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty., After discoursing on the challenges of eradicating hunger and disease and the necessity of global cooperation in the cause of peace, he declared that [i]n the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. Then he issued the call for which he is best remembered: And so, my fellows Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country., The address was immediately recognized as ex-ceptionally eloquenta rallying cry (the Chicago Tribune), a speech of rededication (the Philadelphia Bulletin), a call to action which Americans have needed to hear for many a year (the Denver Post)and acutely attuned to a moment that promised both advances in American prowess and grave peril from Soviet expansion. A high-level overview of how the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers. To avoid being seen as an aggressor, Kennedy initiated a marine quarantine of Cuba, in which U.S. ships would intercept vessels suspected of delivering weapons. 41. Of course, there can simply be no question that the Constitution empowers the federal government, acting in concert, to act decisivelyand expeditiouslyduring domestic emergencies; the Constitution, after all, is not a suicide pact. But it is not nearly as straight a line from accepting that point to accepting a sweeping and potentially preclusive domestic Commander in Chief power. 13. Sollenberger and Mark J. Rozell. Similarly, after he decided to commit an additional 120,000 U.S. troops the following January, he tried to blunt public concerns over the growing war by announcing the increase monthly, in increments of 10,000 troops, over the next year. The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because Additionally, today's society puts the president as the figurehead of the nation and so he has a lot more sway and reach over the American people than he would have used to, with the advances in media and communications technology that we have made. The unpopular war and Johnsons political demise signaled a turn against executive dominance of foreign policy, particularly of a presidents freedom to lead the country into a foreign conflict unilaterally. C. New York The Supreme Court, in ruling in 1974 that Nixon had to release White House tape recordings that revealed his actions on Watergate, reined in presidential powers and reasserted the influence of the judiciary. E. 1992, 18. The debate over China's peace proposal also carried over to a special . But Truman would learn a paradoxical, and in his case bitter, corollary: with greater power, the president also had a greater need to win popular backing for his policies. Office of Management and Budget. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Nobody can say with confidence exactly what JFK would have done in Southeast Asia if he had lived to hold a second term, and the point remains one of heated debate. As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? What are the benefits of a single executive? B. C. Jimmy Carter reduced the power of the vice presidency by removing the vice president's office from the White House. When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. D. George W. Bush B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. (p. 390) A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. When he explained in a 1960 tape recording why he was running for president, he described a senators life as less satisfying than that of a chief executive, who could nullify a legislators hard-fought and possibly long-term initiative with a stroke of the pen. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs, 26. B. the support of the party's organizational leaders. E. Martin Van Buren. B. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. 34. (The choice, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all Cuba-bound traffic.) C. III 1 E. are absolute powers under the Constitution. D. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful domestic policy initiative. E. VII, 14. The former power is carried over directly into the Constitutions list of congressional powers, but the latter is not. After serving three terms as a congressman, he said, We were just worms in the Housenobody paid much attention to us nationally. His seven years in the Senate didnt suit him much better. B. party organizations. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. D. is designed to strengthen the political parties. C. of the need to coordinate national economic policy and foreign policy, a task to which the presidency was well suited. E. George W. Bush, 42. E. must be a Protestant. Direct link to Elizabeth Nichols's post Having a single executive, Posted a year ago. Cookie Policy B. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. The revelations that he had deceived the public and Congress as the scandal unfolded also undermined presidential power. 38. A. social welfare policy. C. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. A. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. B. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. D. National Security Council. E. None of these answers is correct. After Trumans experience, Eisenhower understood that Americans still looked to the White House for answers to foreign threatsas long as those answers did not exceed certain limits in blood and treasure. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. University Press of Kansas. E. None of these answers is correct. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. 74. Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. D. Lyndon Johnson A. John Quincy Adams E. All these answers are correct. E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. B. the U.S. House of Representatives C. House and Senate in a joint session. is the queen more powerful than the president. The presidential advisory unit that, as a whole, has declined significantly as an advisory resource for the president in the twentieth century is the The Twenty-second Amendment to the US Constitution applies term limits to the office of the president. D. Al Gore received 550,000 more votes nationally than Ralph Nader. Direct link to kgandes's post What's the difference bet. The new department consolidated 22 . While ExComm deliberated, concerns about domestic and international opinion were never far from Kennedys thinking. Presidents are limited in their use of the veto on legislation directly affecting national security or economic policy. Just as statutes that order the President to conduct warfare in a certain manner or for specific goals would be unconstitutional, so too are laws that seek to prevent the President from gaining the intelligence he believes necessary to prevent attacks upon the United States. But Johnson could not control the pace of the war, and as it turned into a long-term struggle costing the United States thousands of lives, increasing numbers of Americans questioned the wisdom of fighting what had begun to seem like an unwinnable conflict. For the past 50 years, the commander in chief has steadily expanded presidential power, particularly in foreign policy, Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable inaugural addresses in the American canon. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. The primary election as a means of choosing presidential nominees Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. This is the president's D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. B. must be a resident in the United States for at least 10 years A. Start your constitutional learning journey. E. the Department of Justice. D. Andrew Jackson Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. Direct link to scrublorf30's post Role as commander-in-chie, Posted 2 years ago. TRs acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilsons decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelts management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. 12. A. must be at least 40 years of age In sum, the President exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant to Congresss constitutional military powers. The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. B. are rooted in tradition only; they have no basis in the language of the Constitution. B. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Powers claimed by presidents as necessary in order to execute the law. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. Truman could enter the Korean conflict without having to seek Congressional approval simply by describing the deployment of U.S. troops as a police action taken in conjunction with the United Nations. But can Congress itself direct how the President exercises that command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions? Contrary to the first view, the Constitution expressly gives Congress significant power over the military. C. Al Gore won a slim majority of votes in the Electoral College. The selection of the vice presidential nominee at the national convention is based on the 29. C. 1865 A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. B. enjoyed Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. 20. But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). Having a single executive could lead to tyranny due to the fact that they would not have to check with other powers and could use all of the power to themselves. 33. George H.W. A president's power has largely depended on whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. After the Korean War had become a stalemate, a majority of Americans described their countrys participation in the conflict as a mistakeand Trumans approval ratings fell into the twenties. ________ was known as the "Great Communicator". B. II Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. C. are not subject to check by Congress. D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine B. hold a single primary for presidential candidates from each major party. But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. After all, if the militia was initially intended to be the primary (if not exclusive) response force for a domestic emergency, and if Congress was given the power to provide for their calling forth (and, through the other Militia Clause, their regulation), then the Constitution appears to resolve in Congresss favor any argument that such statutory limitations unconstitutionally infringe upon the President's constitutional authority as Commander in Chief. Ooops. To learn more about enforcement please click on below link. B. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? E. Building a strong military for engagement in foreign wars would be a key ingredient to establishing executive authority. B. elimination of candidate selection by primary Your Privacy Rights 37. How may having a single executive lead to tyranny? B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government How did Theodore Roosevelt change the conception of the presidency? E. weaken Congress in foreign policy matters. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs E. was introduced during the Cleveland era. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. So construed, the Calling Forth Clause undermines the ever-more-visible arguments in favor of strong and unilateral domestic presidential war powers. E. manipulating the media, 41. Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? Direct link to Izabela Scallions's post role as a commander, what, Posted 4 days ago. A. I But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clause's potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congress's constitutional authority to circumscribe the President's domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of . A. Howard Dean did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. Congress is the only body with enough deliberative powers to be able to justly declare war. A. during his or her first year in office. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Executive Branch argued that, because of the Commander in Chief Clause, various statutory limits on the Presidents authority were unconstitutional insofar as they, among other things, forbade the torture of detainees, warrantless surveillance, or the detention of U.S. citizens as enemy combatants. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. A. the two-presidency problem. 24. A. D. None of the three candidates (Dean, Kerry, and Bush) accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). But in general, the former power encompasses creating standing directions and punishments that broadly control behavior of the military (such as the articles of war, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, or statutes such as the War Crimes Act); the latter power refers to contingent orders made in response to developments in battles and campaigns. how did Jefferson expand the powers of the president? C. mass mailing of campaign literature. 1948 . At the end of Bushs term, his approval ratings, like Trumans, fell into the twenties. C. is on good terms with other world leaders. E. 4. However, contrary to the second view, the Constitutions enumeration of Congresss specific military powers indicates that Congress does not have plenary authority over military operations. 21. B. the U.S. House of Representatives The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. A. George W. Bush won the popular vote. E. Calvin Coolidge. The Executive Committee of the National Security CouncilExComm, as it became knownincluded not a single member of Congress or the judiciary, only Kennedys national security officials and his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and his vice president, Lyndon Johnson. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. After which party convention did the Democrats force major changes in the presidential nominating process? Federalist No. B. Maine 28. 17. C. Maine and Nebraska. B. Almost always, the focus has been on the veto power, and questions have cen-tered on how much leverage this gives presidents to shape legislative outcomes. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post Presidents have used exec, Posted 4 years ago. Conservatives, who were already distressed by the expansion of social programs in his Great Society initiative, saw the Johnson presidency as an assault on traditional freedoms at home and an unwise use of American power abroad; liberals favored Johnsons initiatives to reduce poverty and make America a more just society, but they had little sympathy for a war they believed was unnecessary to protect the countrys security and wasted precious resources. According to the U.S. Constitution, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the Electoral College, who chooses the president? Congress has formally declared war ________ times in U.S. history. Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, Dalton Cross Professor in Law at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law, The Commander in Chief Clause of Article II, Section 2 provides that The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. As Justice Jackson put it in the Steel Seizure case (Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)), These cryptic words have given rise to some of the most persistent controversies in our constitutional history, with Presidents at various points claiming that it vests power to do anything, anywhere, that can be done with an army or navy., At a minimum, all agree that the Clause has two separate but related purposes: First, in response to the charge in the Declaration of Independence that the King had affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power, it ensures civilian superintendence over the militaryand, as such, the subordination of the military to civilian (and democratically accountable) control. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. 11. A. Andrew Johnson. In the ensuing unrest, four students at Kent State University in Ohio and two at Jackson State University in Mississippi were fatally shot by National Guard troops and police, respectively. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? C. 55 DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Since its invention at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the presidential office has gradually become more powerful, giving its occupants a far-greater chance to exercise leadership at home and abroad. Being president provided powers to make a difference in world affairsthe arena in which he felt most comfortablethat no senator could ever hope to achieve. 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