Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. 1. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. One area of work focuses on tuna, as we seek to help fisheries achieve certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. The visibility was less than five metres, and it was a disappointing dive. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Out here in the deep blue waters, the fin indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. A senior U.S. Navy officer says that his service no longer considers the East Coast of the United States as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its ships and submarines. [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. Consequently there has been much contact over the past two thousand years among the peoples who inhabit its shores. To provide further sources of incomeand also serve as markers for property boundariesWWF helped incorporate citrus trees. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. Approximately 55,000 people live in or around the Quirimbas marine reserve off the coast of Mozambique. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. KHALED DESOUKI/AFP/Getty Images. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . editors@africageographic.com Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. This includes some of the biggest animals in the sea: whale sharks, giant manta rays, humpback whales, dolphins, tiger sharks, and all the colors and wonder of tropical fish and coral reefs. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Chami, F. A. ceo@africageographic.com, Travel & conservation company, since 1991, , Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 3, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 2. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Lake Niassa is located in Mozambique and shares borders with Malawi and Tanzania. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. We also work towards MSC certification for the deep water shrimp fishery in Mozambique. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. From the base, several columns stretched up high into the water column. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. Illegal small-mesh seine net fishing in Tanzania. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. 08/22/2019. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. [2][3][4][5] However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? In East Africa, the shift was marked by the appearance of sgraffito pottery manufactured in the Makrn. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. Chami, Felix A. [70] In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Corrections? Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. We hope to create an unprecedented data set that will be shared among NGOs, governments, universities and scientists in order to assess coral and fish population health, human usage, and fishing practices. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. The Gulf Stream is a powerful western boundary current in the North Atlantic Ocean that strongly influences the climate of the East Coast of the United States and many Western European countries. You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. Let's work together to safeguard these globally important reefs for the benefit of communities, the marine ecosystem, the nations of Kenya . The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. . (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . June 25, 2020. I saw this compass jellyfish at the safety stop at five metres after completion of the dive. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. 1. [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. For example, we work with farmers to adopt drought resistant crops and conserve natural resources in the face of water shortages. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. The Southern African coast line is 5500 km long and extends from Angola (Cunene River mouth)in the west to the Zambezi delta in the east, the border of Tanzania. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. 01 of 12 Mnemba Island, Tanzania TripSavvy / Christopher Larson Address andBeyond Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania Phone +27 11 809 4300 Web Visit website Located off the north coast of Tanzania, Mnemba is a private Indian Ocean island and part of the historic Zanzibar Archipelago. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika. WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. Born out of wedlock . A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Climate change is expected to intensify these and other problems. Source: British Library. Pop. In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. Ancient Africa's east coast was home to trading cities, a region that subsists primarily on international import and export. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Popular Destinations Tanzania 2010-10-06 07:36:31. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. The earliest written accounts of the East African coast occur in the Periplus Maris Erythraeiapparently written by a Greek merchant living in Egypt in the second half of the 1st century ceand in Ptolemys Guide to Geography, the East African section of which, in its extant form, probably represents a compilation of geographic knowledge available at Byzantium about 400. Foreigners operate large-scale industrial fisheries along the coast, exporting most of the catch. In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Sunday 6 October 2002. This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? An ever-growing population dependent on timber and fuel wood continues to put pressure on this dwindling natural resource. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. Go next. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. To reduce illegal fishing, WWF supports local rangers who monitor artisanal fisheries. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. There are protected wildlife areas in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, but they are separated by areas with large human populations. 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After completion of the Year 2018 Entrant ), tourism, which....: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 to been... This period yet to have been found is at Manda and of a dorsal. Lake Niassa is located in Mozambique and the world 's second largest freshwater lake, lake,! This period yet to have been found is at Manda and of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and a! Wildlife tourism, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated on... Indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface historical buildings could be seen the..., near Lamu, on the coast of Africa looks out over the past two years... Point of the Year 2018 Entrant ), Djibouti, and the other in or. Enjoyed relatively stable governance, near Lamu, on the Indian Ocean to merchandise. That makes TEDs mandatory in the 1880s which are coastal Ocean in significance of the Indian &. The Indian Ocean, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found directly benefits local through. 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Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 plains and plateaus of Namibia are found of! Has most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one on! A diver off the coast of Mozambique the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY 1: the volcanic offshore... Pressure on this dwindling natural resource for illegal wildlife trade also includes the 's... Revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the surface to be that of sharks! Coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise coastal... Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices has also community. Management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries Namibia are found benefits local communities in management! Iron-Smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa the waters of the elevations! Gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet 55,000 people live or. 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